1. Orientalism is an academic term, used in art history, literary studies, geography, and cultural studies, which is and describes a critical approach to representations of the Orient; of the Eastern cultures of the Middle East, North Africa, Southwest Asia, and South East Asia, represented as “European knowledge of the Orient” created by artists and writers from Western Europe. In particular, Orientalist painting, representing "the Middle East", was a genre of Academic art in the 19th century. Likewise, Western European literatures treated and dealt with the Orient and things oriental; the cultural influence was notable in the application of Asian visual styles to genres of Western art, especially in architecture and the decorative arts.
Since the publication of Orientalism (1978), by Edward Said, the academic discourse of critical theorists featured the term Orientalism in applications particular to the variety of cultural imperialism imposed upon the societies of the Near East, which is the cultural hegemony that politically justifies Western imperialism. The praxis of cultural imperialism reduces (essentializes) those societies as culturally static and intellectually undeveloped; the fabrication of cultural superiority is that Oriental culture is a thing (an Other) that can be studied, depicted, and reproduced. Implicit to the orientalist fabrication is the culturally opposite idea that Western society is developed, rational, flexible, and thereby superior, whilst Oriental societies are inferior for being undeveloped, irrational, and inflexible.
Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Orientalism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 26 Jan. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism>
2. Colonialism is the establishment of a colony in one territory by a political power from another territory, and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony. The term is also used to describe a set of unequal relationships between the colonial power and the colony and often between the colonists and the indigenous peoples.
Collins English Dictionary defines colonialism as "the policy and practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas." The Merriam-Webster Dictionary offers four definitions, including "something characteristic of a colony" and "control by one power over a dependent area or people."
Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule.
Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Colonialism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 Feb. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism>
Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is hard to distinguish it from imperialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, imperialism also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. The etymology of the two terms, however, provides some clues about how they differ. The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Imperialism, on the other hand, comes from the Latin term imperium, meaning to command. Thus, the term imperialism draws attention to the way that one country exercises power over another, whether through settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control.
Cited: Kohn, Margaret. "Colonialism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, 09 May 2006. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/>
3. Hybridity refers in its most basic sense to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. Its contemporary uses are scattered across numerous academic disciplines and is salient in popular culture. This article explains the history of hybridity and its major theoretical discussion amongst the discourses of race, postcolonialism, identity, anti-racism and multiculturalism, and globalization. This article illustrates the development of hybridity rhetoric from biological to cultural discussions. Hybridity is a cross between two separate races, plants or cultures. A hybrid is something that is mixed, and hybridity is simply mixture. Hybridity is not a new cultural or historical phenomenon.
Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Hybridity." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 30 Dec. 2016. Web. 25 Feb. 2017.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridity>
4. Imperialism is an action where a country (usually an empire or kingdom) extends its power by acquisition of territories. It may also include the exploitation of those territories which is similar to colonialism which is generally regarded as an expression of imperialism.
It is different from New Imperialism as the term imperialism is generally applied to the colonization of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries as opposed to the expansion of Western Powers (and Japan) during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, both are examples of imperialism.
The word imperialism originated from the Latin word imperium, which means supreme power. It first became common in Great Britain, during the 1870s and was used with a negative connotation.The term was and is mainly applied to Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance, especially in Asia and Africa, in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery. This definition encompasses both nominal empires and neocolonialism.
Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Imperialism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 22 Feb. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism>
*** My own definitions are written here with my initial understanding of term at this point in the class. The definitions will evolve as the class continues.
1. Colonialism is the policy creation and maintenance of a colonial form people in this territory to another territory
Example: A country will use military means to invade the land of a country B, country B taking as "colonies", then direct rule and exploitation "colony" by the government of the country A.
Colonialism is usually enslavement, land occupied or the death for natives
The reason to do the Colonialism are:
Economic benefit.
Expand the authority of the mother country.
To escape persecution in the mother country.
Convert the natives to the creed of the colonists.
2. Imperialism is the policy extended power and influence of a country through active colonization by force or other ways
Example: A strong nation takes over a weaker nation by war, to control the economic, political, military and culture.
3. Orientalism is about the history, geography, economics, politically, language, culture of the Eastern countries. Orientalism will provide the knowledge, understanding and skills about associated with larger culture, variety language and attractiveness of countries of East Asia and South East Asia. Moreover, Orientalism is provided background on the history, culture, politics, ideology, ethnicity, religion, language, international relations situation of countries such as Japan, South Korea, Thailand …
4. Hybridity is mixed different cultures to create new factors and variety of culture.For Americans, it is a place where people, cultures and ideas intertwine kinds. Who is worthy to be an American, the person must absorb an inevitable way the different cultural values, and their uptake contributing cultures. That means they abandon bad things to improve and become better about cultures.
Since the publication of Orientalism (1978), by Edward Said, the academic discourse of critical theorists featured the term Orientalism in applications particular to the variety of cultural imperialism imposed upon the societies of the Near East, which is the cultural hegemony that politically justifies Western imperialism. The praxis of cultural imperialism reduces (essentializes) those societies as culturally static and intellectually undeveloped; the fabrication of cultural superiority is that Oriental culture is a thing (an Other) that can be studied, depicted, and reproduced. Implicit to the orientalist fabrication is the culturally opposite idea that Western society is developed, rational, flexible, and thereby superior, whilst Oriental societies are inferior for being undeveloped, irrational, and inflexible.
Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Orientalism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 26 Jan. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism>
2. Colonialism is the establishment of a colony in one territory by a political power from another territory, and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony. The term is also used to describe a set of unequal relationships between the colonial power and the colony and often between the colonists and the indigenous peoples.
Collins English Dictionary defines colonialism as "the policy and practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas." The Merriam-Webster Dictionary offers four definitions, including "something characteristic of a colony" and "control by one power over a dependent area or people."
Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule.
Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Colonialism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 Feb. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism>
Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is hard to distinguish it from imperialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, imperialism also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. The etymology of the two terms, however, provides some clues about how they differ. The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Imperialism, on the other hand, comes from the Latin term imperium, meaning to command. Thus, the term imperialism draws attention to the way that one country exercises power over another, whether through settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control.
Cited: Kohn, Margaret. "Colonialism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, 09 May 2006. Web. 25 Feb. 2017. <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/>
3. Hybridity refers in its most basic sense to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century. Its contemporary uses are scattered across numerous academic disciplines and is salient in popular culture. This article explains the history of hybridity and its major theoretical discussion amongst the discourses of race, postcolonialism, identity, anti-racism and multiculturalism, and globalization. This article illustrates the development of hybridity rhetoric from biological to cultural discussions. Hybridity is a cross between two separate races, plants or cultures. A hybrid is something that is mixed, and hybridity is simply mixture. Hybridity is not a new cultural or historical phenomenon.
Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Hybridity." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 30 Dec. 2016. Web. 25 Feb. 2017.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridity>
4. Imperialism is an action where a country (usually an empire or kingdom) extends its power by acquisition of territories. It may also include the exploitation of those territories which is similar to colonialism which is generally regarded as an expression of imperialism.
It is different from New Imperialism as the term imperialism is generally applied to the colonization of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries as opposed to the expansion of Western Powers (and Japan) during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, both are examples of imperialism.
The word imperialism originated from the Latin word imperium, which means supreme power. It first became common in Great Britain, during the 1870s and was used with a negative connotation.The term was and is mainly applied to Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance, especially in Asia and Africa, in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery. This definition encompasses both nominal empires and neocolonialism.
Cited: Wikipedia contributors. "Imperialism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 22 Feb. 2017. Web. 25 Feb. 2017.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism>
*** My own definitions are written here with my initial understanding of term at this point in the class. The definitions will evolve as the class continues.
1. Colonialism is the policy creation and maintenance of a colonial form people in this territory to another territory
Example: A country will use military means to invade the land of a country B, country B taking as "colonies", then direct rule and exploitation "colony" by the government of the country A.
Colonialism is usually enslavement, land occupied or the death for natives
The reason to do the Colonialism are:
Economic benefit.
Expand the authority of the mother country.
To escape persecution in the mother country.
Convert the natives to the creed of the colonists.
2. Imperialism is the policy extended power and influence of a country through active colonization by force or other ways
Example: A strong nation takes over a weaker nation by war, to control the economic, political, military and culture.
3. Orientalism is about the history, geography, economics, politically, language, culture of the Eastern countries. Orientalism will provide the knowledge, understanding and skills about associated with larger culture, variety language and attractiveness of countries of East Asia and South East Asia. Moreover, Orientalism is provided background on the history, culture, politics, ideology, ethnicity, religion, language, international relations situation of countries such as Japan, South Korea, Thailand …
4. Hybridity is mixed different cultures to create new factors and variety of culture.For Americans, it is a place where people, cultures and ideas intertwine kinds. Who is worthy to be an American, the person must absorb an inevitable way the different cultural values, and their uptake contributing cultures. That means they abandon bad things to improve and become better about cultures.